Maria Stewart free essay sample

Stewart Rhetorical Analysis African Americans, whether enslaved or free, were always bound to a life of â€Å"drudgery and toil†, oppressed by society from ever progressing higher than their current social status. Maria W. Stewart, an African American educator, delivers a lecture (1832) to the women of her race, emphasizing this issue. She utilizesvarious rhetorical strategies to enlighten them on the current inequality and injustice within their society. Stewart opens her lecture with a tone of anger and then proceeds to list a series of minute details of the â€Å"house domestics† that the women of her race were force to do. They were bound by their social status to degrading labor such as â€Å"washing windows† and â€Å"tending upon gentlemen’s tables†. She highlights each individual chore as to stress the hardship of her people and their confined lives, with â€Å"whites† restricting them from â€Å"aspiring after high and honorable acquirements†. Stewart alsoincorporatesanalogies within her lecture to describe what â€Å"continual hard labor† can do to the mind and the â€Å"energies of the soul†. We will write a custom essay sample on Maria Stewart or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Like the â€Å"scorching sands of Arabia† and the â€Å"uncultivated soil†, hard labor keeps the â€Å"mind barren† and ideas can quickly become â€Å"confined†. With a prominent tone of despair lingering within this analogy, she provides an explanation to the lack of ambition within her race. By emphasizing the mental effects of continuous labor, she refutes the point colonizationists have made; African Americans are â€Å"lazy and idle†. It has always been the effects of inequality that deadens their spirits and diminishes their hopes. To Maria Stewart, the women of her race would always be chained to their social status without hope of improvement. With her didactic lecture, she strives to inform them the causes of their current situation and emphasize the inequality that has burdened them.

HIV Uses Trojan Horse Method to Infect Cells

HIV Uses Trojan Horse Method to Infect Cells Like all viruses, HIV is not able to reproduce or express its genes without the help of a living cell. First, the virus must be able to successfully infect a cell. To do so, HIV uses a veil of human proteins in a Trojan horse manner to infect immune cells. To go from cell to cell, HIV is packaged in an envelope or capsid made from viral proteins and proteins from human cell membranes. Like the Ebola virus, HIV relies on proteins from human cell membranes to gain entrance into a cell. In fact, Johns Hopkins scientists have identified 25 human proteins that have been incorporated into the HIV-1 virus and aid its ability to infect other body cells. Once inside a cell, HIV uses the cells ribosomes and other components to make viral proteins and to replicate. When new virus particles are formed, they emerge from the infected cell cloaked in a membrane and proteins from the infected cell. This helps the virus particles avoid immune system detection. What Is HIV? HIV is the virus that causes the disease known as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS. HIV destroys cells of the immune system, making an individual infected with the virus less equipped to fight off infection. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), this virus may be transmitted when infected blood, semen, or vaginal secretions come in contact with an uninfected persons broken skin or mucous membranes. There are two types of HIV, HIV-1, and HIV-2. HIV-1 infections have mostly occurred in the United States and Europe, while HIV-2 infections are more prominent in West Africa. How HIV Destroys Immune Cells While HIV may infect different cells throughout the body, it attacks white blood cells called T cell lymphocytes and macrophages in particular. HIV destroys T cells by triggering a signal that results in T cell death. When HIV replicates within a cell, viral genes get inserted into the genes of the host cell. Once HIV integrates its genes into T cell DNA, an enzyme (DNA-PK) uncharacteristically sets off a sequence that leads to the death of the T cell. The virus thereby destroys the cells that play a major role in the bodys defense against infectious agents. Unlike T cell infection, HIV infection of macrophages is less likely to lead to macrophage cell death. As a result, infected macrophages produce HIV particles for a longer period of time. Since macrophages are found in every organ system, they can transport the virus to various sites in the body. HIV-infected macrophages may also destroy T cells by releasing toxins that cause nearby T cells to undergo apoptosis or programmed cell death. Engineering HIV-Resistant Cells Scientists are attempting to develop new methods for fighting HIV and AIDS. Stanford University School of Medicine researchers has genetically engineered T cells to be resistant to HIV infection. They accomplished this by inserting HIV-resistant genes into the T-cell genome. These genes successfully blocked the entry of the virus into the altered T cells. According to researcher Matthew Porteus, We inactivated one of the receptors that HIV uses to gain entry and added new genes to protect against HIV, so we have multiple layers of protection what we call stacking. We can use this strategy to make cells that are resistant to both major types of HIV. If it is shown that this approach to treating HIV infection could be used as a new type of gene therapy, this method could potentially replace current drug therapy treatment. This type of gene therapy would not cure HIV infection  but would provide a source of resistant T cells that could stabilize the immune system and prevent the deve lopment of AIDS. Sources: NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Scientists discover how HIV kills immune cells; Findings have implications for HIV treatment. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 5 June 2013. (www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130605144435.htm).Herbein G. and Kumar A. The macrophage: a therapeutic target in HIV-1 infection. Molecular and Cellular Therapies. Published 2 April 2014. (molcelltherapies.com/content/2/1/10).Stanford University Medical Center. Immune cells engineered in lab to resist HIV infection, study shows. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 22 January 2013. (sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/01/130122101903.htm).

Free Movement of Person Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Free Movement of Person - Essay Example One is that Nic is a Bulgarian national. The other is that he has not been accepted to any job in Germany at the time of his attempt at entry. There are two sets of laws applicable here, both relating to freedom of movement of persons within the European Union. One relates to the rights of workers, and corollary to that, on the issue of whether a job applicant such as Nic has the right to enter Germany and be treated as a worker under the law. The other has to do with whether citizenship in a country that is either a member of non-member of the EU grants certain rights of abode and entry into other member states of the EU (Bamford et al. 2012, pp. 6-39). First Article 45 of the TFEU states that â€Å"workers of the Member States† are free to move within the EU. The article, together with Article 18, reinforces the ban on discrimination based on nationality, and the former article specifically prohibits such discrimination as it relates to work for citizens of the EU. There are also other worker rights in the EU law that support Nic’s bid to enter Germany, among them the right against discrimination on job selection based on nationality, and the right to look for work in another EU country, as implied in the movement right provision in Article 45 of the TFEU. Meanwhile, while Article 45 is mum on the status of job seekers like Nic, the ECJ has made it clear that it is corollary to the stipulated rights of Article 45 for job seekers likewise to be afforded the rights guaranteed in Article 45. This is true for example in cases like R v. Immigration Appeal Tribunal, ex parte Antonissen (case C-292/89) [1991 ] ECR I-745, where the court ruled in favor of job seekers having equal freedom of movement rights as workers, in essence (Bamford et al. 2012, p. 13). This means that as a work seeker, Nic has the right to move within the EU (Bamford et al. 2012, pp. 6-15). Granted that a two-tier treatment system is in place in the EU, with states who were in the EU prior to the May 2004 inclusions being able to negate some of the laws on freedom of movement of persons, it was clear also that the two-tier system was to go by the beginning of 2012, and 2014 at the latest. Germany’s only safe ground here is that Bulgaria is within the group of states post 2004, and therefore Germany has the right to invoke restrictions to free movement of Bulgarians in Germany prior to 2014. The Germans though should have signified legally their intention with regard to restricting or lifting restrictions on movement of Bulgarian nationals within Germany by 2008. Moreover, the restriction post 2012 is not absolute, and Germany has to show that the movement of Nic, a physiotherapist, into Germany to seek work would disrupt the labor market in Germany. On the contrary, there is a physiotherapist shortage in that country (Bamford et al. 2012, pp. 6-24). The balance of the evidence and the legal provisions for and against the free movement of the Bulgarian physiotherapist Nic seems to favor Nic’s being allowed entry into Germany, and of Germany being on the wrong end of the EU law. Assuming this balance assessment is correct, EU law supersedes German law. ECJ case law provides many examples of the ECJ ruling on and deciding that national laws go against Article 45. Such is the case in Allue v. Universita degli Studi